ABSTRACT
Back ground: Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) over expression in breast cancer is associated with poor outcome and decrease disease free survival (DFS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the over expression of HER2/neu among premenopausal and postmenopausal females presented with malignant palpable breast lumps to Radio Isotope Center Khartoum (RICK). Methods: The study was a case-control conducted among patients attending Radiation Isotopes Centre Khartoum (RICK). A total of 328 women were randomly selected. Data were collected by a pre coded; pre tested questionnaire. Tissue biopsies of breast lumps had been analyzed using immunohistochemical techniques for HERR-2/neu over expression and its relation to other prognostic factors was evaluated. Results: HER-2/neu + vein first pregnancy at 23 years; were 32 (41) in the cases; 6 (35) in the controls of premenopausal women; and 21(44) in the cases; 5 (38) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu + veexpression in relation to age at menarche 12 years was 39 (51) in the cases; 7(39) in the controls of premenopausal women; and 36 (56) in the cases; 7 (45) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ vein relation to Body Mass Index 29 kg/m2 showed 7 (37) in the cases; 2 (33) in the controls of premenopausal women (x2=0.024); and 8(38) in the cases; 2(40) in the controls of postmenopausal women (x2= 0.006). HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to history of abortion or miscarriage (ever) was found to be 21 (39) in the cases; 4 (33) in the controls of premenopausal women; and 18 (44) in the cases; 3 (33) in the controls among postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the history of breast cancer in a first degree relatives was 3 (25) in the cases; 1(50) in the controls of premenopausal women; and 4 (22) in the cases; 2 (28) in the controls of postmenopausal women. HER-2/neu+ veexpression in relation to the use of oral contraceptives was 3 (37) in the cases; 1(50) in the controls among premenopausal women; and 3 (27) in the cases; 1 (50) in the controls of postmenopausal women. Conclusion: The study confirmed an etiological association between HER2/neu+ve and HER2/neu - ve and age at first pregnancy . 23 years; age of menarche at _ 12 years; abortion or miscarriage in premenopausal and post menopausal Sudanese women; while an etiological association was confirmed between HER2/neu+ve and HER2/neu -ve; and BMI in pre menopausal women; and the family history of cancer in post menopausal women
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Postmenopause , Premenopause , Risk Factors , WomenABSTRACT
"Background: Vesico-vaginal Fistula (VVF) is defined as an abnormal communicating tract extending between the bladder (vesico-) and the vagina resulting in continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault. Vesico-vaginal fistula is still a persisting scourge in the developing countries; including Sudan in which new cases of obstetric fistula were estimated to occur every year"" #he ob$ectives of this work were to study the contributing factors of vesico-vaginal fistula in Sudanese patients"" Methods: the design was descriptive; cross-sectional; community-based study"" A total of 2 patients with vesicovaginal fistula presented to the Fistula (entre in )Khartoum Teaching hospital from July to August 2 ;; were investigated using an administrated; semi-structured questionnaire"" Results: The study revealed that 44""2of patients were 1;-24 years old; "";were teenagers when married (1; yrs old)"" While 7of the patients were illiterates; 62"";were married to illiterate husbands"" (; "";) were poor; (4 ""4) were from western regions of Sudan"" The study showed that labor was responsible for 9 ""4of VVF of whom 9""6were primiparous; 42""6delivered at home"" It was found that 4 ""4of the total deliveries were by forceps as long as 27""7were emergency caesarian sections"" (3""2) of the deliveries were attended by traditional birth attendants and ""3of cases stayed in labor for more than 24 hours; as long as 3""2were not in regular antenatal care"" Conclusion:The vesico-vaginal fistula in Sudan resulted mainly from obstructed labor"" the victim was mostly a young woman; a primigravida; who was poor; illiterate; not on regular antenatal care et being in labor more than 24 hours"" Most deliveries were carried at home; attended by traditional Birth Attendants in most cases"" the deliveries were mostly assisted by forceps; or conducted as emergency caesarian sections"" To prevent VVF; the study suggested raising awareness of women at bearing age; improve transportation; besides inclusion of the issue in the curricula of schools and universities"""